Nationalization of oil industry in Argentina Essay

Nationalization of oil industry in Argentina - Essay Example On the other hand, Argentina believes that they have enough authorities and freedom to formulate policies which are necessary to safeguard the interests of the country. This paper critically analyses the decision to nationalize oil companies in Argentina. Table of Contents Oil & Gas Report Argentina.Q1 2013. (2012). Business Monitor International. November 2012. p.1-93. 11 Romero, S. and Minder, R. (2012). Argentina to seize control of Oil Company. The New York Times. April 16, 2012. 11 Sprinkle, T. (2013). For Argentina’s Nationalized Oil ‘Industry’: A Year of Nothing Retrieved from http://finance.yahoo.com/blogs/the-exchange/argentina-nationalized-oil-industry-nothing-232525794.html 11 Introduction â€Å"Exactly a year ago, Argentina President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner announced to the world the expropriation of 51% of Argentine oil company YPF from Spain's Repsol† (Sprinkle, 2013). The declaration of President Cristina was totally unexpected and too k by surprise by many countries. In fact, Spain was shocked by this announcement because of the problems this decision might cause to Spanish economy. It should be noted that Spanish company Repsol is the 15th largest petroleum refining company in the world according to the recent statistics. Moreover, the growth of Repsol is contributing heavily to Spanish economy. Therefore Cristina’s decision has the potential to affect Spanish economic growth in one way or another. Spanish ministers have already warned Argentina about the possibility of a diplomatic and industrial war with Argentina. Before the arrival of Argentina’s decision, the common belief in Latin America was such that countries in this region can develop properly only with the help of privatization and liberalization like policies. That is why Cristina’ decision caused plenty of surprises, not only in Argentina, but also in other countries in Latin America. Cristina is one of the most popular administ ers in Latin America. Moreover, she has taken this decision after a cabinet meeting. In other words, Argentina has taken this decision after a comprehensive debate. They know very much about the benefits and problems this decision might bring to Argentina. In a heavily globalized world, countries are contesting heavily to attract foreign direct investment as much as possible because of the awareness that internal resources alone may not help a country to develop properly. Even communist China does not have any problem in welcoming foreign companies. Moreover, majority of Argentina’s neighboring countries are engaged in activities to welcome foreign direct investments. Under these circumstances, Argentina’s decision surprised many countries, especially Spain. Nationalization of Oil Industry in Argentina It is necessary to know the size and characteristics of Argentinian oil industry before, discussing the merits and demerits of Cristina’s decision. The following table provides a rough idea about Argentina’s petroleum data from 2010-2016. (Oil & Gas Report Argentina.Q1 2013, 2012, p.8) From the above table, it is evident that Argentina’s proven oil reserves may remain unchanged, at least for another three years. At the same time, the total net petroleum exports started to decline from 2010 onwards.

An assessment of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical Essay

An assessment of the theoretical, methodological, and empirical contribution of {your psychologist} to psychology and to society as a whole - Essay Example Carl Rogers is an American psychologist who became one of the founders of humanistic, client-centered (or later named person-centered), approach in practical and theoretical psychology. The scientist was born on January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, IL - a suburb of Chicago. He was the forth of the six children of a devout Christian housewife and a successful civil engineer. Carl was such a clever child that he already could read before going to the kindergarten. Since he learned to read in the early years he started his education from the second grade. At the age of 12 the family moved to a farm near Chicago where he had enough freedom to become a rather independent, isolated and self disciplined person. There a future therapist was brought up in a strict manner with a great number of chores, and according to the strict philosophy of his mother – a devout Christian. Such a life made Carl a somewhat isolated and independent introvert. Living on a farm leaved a mark on his first career choice. So he entered the University of Wisconsin Madison in order to major in agriculture. Later he switched to history, and finally religion to study for the ministry. During that time Rogers was among those selected 10 students who were to go to China for the World Christian Federation Conference for the term of six months. Being there he broadened his thinking so much that having returned home he started to doubt some basic religious views together with his own religious convictions. After graduation against his parents wishes Rogers got married with Helen Suiet. After the wedding a just married couple moved to New York City. There Carl attended the most liberal religious institution - the Union Theological Seminary. Though he was successful at this career, Carl once again decided to change the profession because the experiences he got while studying radically influenced and even changed his religious views.

How would you set about assessing whether a particular strategy was Essay

How would you set about assessing whether a particular strategy was appropriate for your organisation - Essay Example A balanced scored is later on used to further evaluate the overall business performance and its progress towards attainment of objectives. Strategic management is a stage of managerial activity in which goal settings and tactics are set out. Strategic management provides a sense of direction to the organization and is in close proximity with the organization studies. In the domain of business administration, it is important to talk about strategic alignment as a link between an organization and its environment. As said by Adieu in 2007 "there is strategic consistency when the actions of an organization are consistent with the expectations of management, and these in turn are with the market and the context." (L) Strategic management involves not just the management team of an organization but also the Directorial Board and various other stake holders related to the organization. It also depends on the organizational structure of the organization. Strategic management is a process in its own right. It helps evaluate and control those industries associated with the business, which have already engaged with the company. It also helps ass’s competitors, sets goals and strategies, to counter all competitors and later on reassess every strategy chalked down annually or quarterly. It evaluates the overall impact of the strategy, whether it achieved desired objectives or should it be replaced due to changing trends and paradigms, in the wake of new economic, social, financial or political environment. (Simpson) 1. Situation Analysis: In a situation analysis, various types of analysis take place. Self evaluation as well as competitor analysis. They include both external and internal analysis. Macro and Micro environment factors are also set up. 2. Objective setting: Once a situation analysis has been completed, objectives are set. These objectives should run parallel to a time line. Some objectives are set for achieving short term goals and some for long

Should College Athletes Get Paid Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should College Athletes Get Paid - Term Paper Example Setting aside for the now that college athletes who participate in the more popular sports such as football and basketball earn millions of dollars for their respective college and that non-athletic students gain from these financial benefits as well, athletes, by virtue of their demanding schedule, are deprived of the ability to earn while they learn and because of this reason alone should be compensated somewhat. The amount of a stipend is debatable but a reasonable amount of, for example, $200 per month is hardly exorbitant. This discussion will examine the reasons why college athletes receive pay. Both the universities and the NCAA make millions of dollars each winter from the bowl games following the regular football season, a sum that doesn’t include the share individual conferences enjoy. Now add up concession and ticket proceeds, merchandise sales and money gained from corporate sponsorships that without the existence of sports would not be available to a university ev ery year. Those millions come from one month’s revenue from one sport. The college athletes understand that their efforts produce many millions of dollars for their schools but they are not allowed to make even pocket change while giving their all for their team. Athletes are subjected to the most meager of a life under current NCAA rules. Meanwhile, they observe other students with enough spending money at least for an occasional burger and their coach making a multi-million dollar income but know that it is them who are the ones that making the biggest sacrifice. When a college athlete or their family is experiencing financial difficulties as is the instance in many situations, the pressure to leave school to try a professional career is enormous. What would inspire a student-athlete in this predicament to remain in school if they were presented with a chance to earn what even a minor league salary or a backup role at the top league level may offer? Moreover, college athlet es face the perpetual threat of a career ending injury. This has ended the dreams of many for a professional career but, more tragically, also ends their academic career too. (Chaisson, 2001). There undoubtedly is a disparity between athletes and non-athlete students which is not in favor of the athlete. For example, college students who are engaged in extracurricular pursuits other than athletics, musicians for instance collect scholarships and can perform for their college’s symphony whether they or not they are academically eligible. They are also able to perform and make money in a professional band or orchestra while enrolled at school. By contrast, if athletes did this, they would lose their scholarship, be kicked out of school and most likely end any chance of playing professional sports. Furthermore, a music student is able to earn a music degree and even for a specific instrument. â€Å"A football or basketball major is unheard of, much less a major in playing quart erback or strong forward. Athletes are scrutinized for getting any type of job while on scholarship for their school. Getting paid to play or work in football would be sacrilege† (Chaisson, 2001). Student athletes represent of a unique sector of the school’s population. Much more is required of them. Athletes spend much more time and effort than general population students and are relentlessly challenged with balancing academics, athletics and social

Teaching Nonverbal Communication Research Proposal

Teaching Nonverbal Communication - Research Proposal Example There are many styles and techniques in teaching. Some are more effective than others and not all of them are standardized. The active learning technique is a rather uncommon way of teaching and as expected, not many teachers agree to use this method mainly because it is unconventional and others are simply not comfortable doing so. As it was mentioned in the article Vol. 50/No. 3 89, "Lectures remain the primary method of instruction in higher education despite several limitations". The word several here as it was used in the description, is not merely an expression or an exaggeration, but an accurate way to describe the limits of the traditional classroom teaching, more commonly known as "lecture". In the lecture setting, as we all know and experience, we all sit and listen and only the teacher is the one sharing information from his point of view. He may ask questions from time to time to see if the students understood the lesson or ask if the students have any questions regarding the topic. Some teachers do it in a more interactive manner, but it still does not provoke creative thinking. As compared to active learning, which Professors Schwebel experimented on, students were able to do a "hands-on" experience learning non-verbal communication. In the activity, students were asked to do a role play of both an interviewer and interviewee alternately. As instructed, the interviewees did all that they can to show that they are not listening. Some played with their pens, rolled their eyes, or avoided eye contact, which they found out later was non-verbal communication. This way, the students experienced how non-verbal communication can affect

Service description Essay Example for Free

Service description Essay Excel Hygiene’s services are planned around 2 major categories: Cleaning and Waste Management. Cleaning is sub-divided in to pathogen removal, and pest management. Waste Management is sub-divided in to on-site and off-site operations. This service structure is designed to meet all surveyed customer requirements, and equals the broadest service range offered by any of the major competitors in the segment. All services will not be relevant for each site, but the range will support the positioning of the company has a single-window service for all cleaning and waste disposal needs. However, waste operations will be limited to bio-medical materials which cannot be placed in normal collection areas, or allowed to enter sewage systems. Similarly, cleaning will be restricted to keeping pathogens below infectious levels. Cleaning in the lay sense of the term will not be taken in to contracts because of the low value addition and non-specialized nature of the work. Excel Hygiene will offer service guarantees in terms of time and quality. This means that crews will visit sites at agreed frequencies. Operations will conform to regulations for bio-medical waste and will meet infection control norms. The latter can be confirmed by independent microbiology tests on ambient air, water, surfaces, and organic materials. Microbiology for culture preservation, chemical sourcing, algorithm development, technical audit, and franchise development will be in-house functions. Treatment operations, off-site incineration and compacting, and operation validation will be outsourced to trained franchisees and to independent microbiology laboratories. This division of labor will serve to protect the new company’s proprietary bacterial cultures, and will reassure customers about the effects of treatment at the same time. Management Structure Excel Hygiene has been established as a closely held private company. 90% of the paid-up equity has been provided by venture capitalists, which have also provided guarantees and collateral for long-term loans and revolving working capital funds. 10% of the equity has been furnished from the savings of the executive team, and they have equity rights from their shares of projected profits, to the extent of another 10% of the ownership. Therefore, the long term ownership will reside to the extent of 20% with the founding executives, while 80% will be held by venture capitalists. The latter are bound to hold their investments for at least 5 years after start-up. The company may list on a stock exchange after this first period. Only one of the founding executives has a qualification in Business Management, so she will function as the Chief Executive Officer of Excel Hygiene. The venture capitalists will have the right to nominate a person from their organization to head Management Services, which will include all Finance and Accounting functions. Objectives and Goals To launch a new bacterial based technology for management of bio-medical wastes To introduce novel infection control technology in health care settings, to provide alternatives for presently use of toxic chemicals. To offer comprehensive, reliable, and quality cleaning and waste management services to the best health acre institutions in a defined geographical area. To generate high margins for capital pay back in less than 5 years. To attain a relevant market segment share of 1%.

Application of Anthropological Concepts Essay Example for Free

Application of Anthropological Concepts Essay Concepts in anthropology, especially those which describe, predict, explain, and evaluate the behavior of groups or categories of people are termed as general or explanatory concepts. Kinship, marriage, religion, race, class, and language are some of the general concepts being studied in the field of anthropology. In a way, general concepts can also be used to create models that will facilitate hypothesis testing. In essence, this type of concept is generally a medium of creating specific concepts – concepts which represent a part of a general phenomenon. One may argue that it is difficult to delineate the boundary between a general and a specific concept. However, it should be noted that general concepts represent realities magnified by the rigours of scientific investigation. In some cases, general concepts are known as ideal types (although this is fairly incorrect since ideal types are measurements of existing systems – although derived from it). In this essay, two academic articles or books will be presented to highlight some important concepts applied in the study of anthropology. The first article is a review of Bronislaw Malinowski ethnographic study in the Trobriand Islands. This article focuses on the general effect of kinship to the latent system of a preliterate society and vice-versa. The general thesis of Malinowski study is summed up as follows: Kinship determines the structure of law; law determines the structure of the society. His thesis will be explained in detailed in the following pages. The second article is an ethnographic study of Indian reservations in the United States. Race is the central concept in this article. The thesis of the article is; modernization in the United States erased the Indian notion of race as embodiment of cultural identity. Kinship and Law Firth (1980), in his review of Bronislaw Malinowski study on the Trobriand Islands, identified two types of laws: civil law and criminal law. The first one is positive law governing all the phases of tribal life. The second type is made up of rules safeguarding such institutions as chieftainship, exogamy, rank, and marriage. Thus, the â€Å"civil law, in contrast to criminal, is the ‘law obeyed and not the law broken’† (Firth, 1980:73). The creation of a law system in the Trobriand Islands, according to Malinowski, is essentially based on kinship. The system of law was created to foster greater solidarity among kin or family members. This was later extended to clans outside the immediate kin. Thus, the first type of law (civil) was essentially created out of this purpose. Formal rules governing chieftainship, rank, marriage, and exogamy were essentially derivations of the former. According to Malinowski, since the law was created to maintain kinship ties, it has therefore four senses. Here are as follows: (1) the law of cultural determinism, (2) the law or rule of native conduct, (3) the law of order and maintenance, and (4) the mechanisms of law when breach occurs. In essence, these senses of the law determine the shape or form of preliterate societies. In general, kinship and law are highly associated concepts since they determine the outcome of social relationships. Specifically, according to Malinowski, societies as old as those found in the Trobriand Islands do not need a definite set of laws to define its kinship structure since rules are essentially derived from kin systems. Race and Modernity Lynch (1974), in his ethnographic study on Indian reservations, argued that the modernization process occurring in the reservations was generally dangerous for the whole Indian community in the United States. The dangers are as follows; 1) The basic assumptions of Indian-American culture are radically changing. For example, close family ties are becoming absent in some Indian reservations; 2) Race assumptions are also changing. In the past, â€Å"race† for Indians refer to â€Å"common cultural identity. † Nowadays, American Indians associate race with â€Å"stereotype labeling of an oppressed minority. † In short, the term race was used to convey a â€Å"glorious statement of cultural identity† in the past in contrast to its derogatory sense nowadays. 3) And, the modernization process is creating mediums for racial discrimination. For example, before 1960, it was illegal for Indians to work in mines unless certified by the Employment Bureau (this had been eliminated in the late 1960s, although Indians still face the insecurity and discrimination in the workplace). The author concluded that the modernization process of Indian reservations in the United States had been based on false assumptions; assumptions derived from the West. According to him, â€Å"it provided a glimpse of their future as well, a glimpse made all the more comforting to the West by the assurance it gave †¦ path to modernity† (Lynch, 1974:186). References Man and Culture: An Evaluation of the Work of Bronislaw Malinowski. 1980. Ed Raymond Firth. Britain: Redwood Burn Limited. Rethinking Modernization. Ed. John Poggie and Robert Lynch. 1974. Political Modernization in a Native American Community. Connecticut: Greenwood Press.